本文来自微信公众号: 芒格书院 ,作者:崔士懿
管理层交接安排
2025年5月5日,伯克希尔公司官网正式发布通知:“5月4日,伯克希尔公司董事会一致同意,格雷格将于2026年1月1日接任公司总裁及CEO。”
英文原文:On May 4,2025,Berkshire’s Board of Directors voted unanimously to appoint Greg Abel to become Berkshire’s President and CEO effective on January 1,2026.
从伊梅尔特接任韦尔奇,到库克接任乔布斯,从纳德拉接任鲍尔默,到皮查伊接任拉里佩奇与谢尔盖布林,对于任何一家大公司而言,管理层的交接都是一个无法回避的问题。而伯克希尔的接班安排,更是一个被广泛关注的焦点,也是历年股东会被频繁提问最多的关键问题之一。在格雷格与阿吉特、托德与泰德、霍华德与苏珊共同接班查理与沃伦的时刻,我们不妨看一下沃伦对管理层交接的具体安排,并展望一下伯克希尔的未来之路。
很显然,沃伦之于伯克希尔,就像巅峰时期的迈克尔。乔丹之于芝加哥公牛队。所以,难免有股东会反复提出这样的问题:“沃伦,天有不测风云、人有旦夕祸福,假如将来某一天有辆卡车撞到你,那我们这些小股东们该怎么办?”
早在20年前的2005年股东信里,沃伦就首次明确了伯克希尔的管理层交接安排,并在2006、2007年股东信里做了持续沟通:
2005年股东信:假如我今晚突然去世,那么伯克希尔如何应对?
答案很简单:我们的大部分生意具备强大的竞争地位、强劲的发展势头、优秀的经理人,伯克希尔独特的企业文化深植于各家子公司。所以,即便我突然离世,这些生意也不会受损。
而且,我们也做出了相应安排:在伯克希尔,我们有3位足以胜任CEO的相对年轻的经理人,这3位经理人都在某些方面强于我。但是,美中不足的是,这3位潜在接班人并不具备我在生意及投资这两个领域中的交叉经验。通过安排另外一位专人负责证券投资,我们将解决这个问题。
英文原文:You also want to know what happens if I should die tonight.
That second question is easy to answer.Most of our many businesses have strong market positions,significant momentum,and terrific managers.The special Berkshire culture is deeply ingrained throughout our subsidiaries,and these operations won’t miss a beat when I die.
Moreover,we have three managers at Berkshire who are reasonably young and fully capable of being CEO.Any of the three would be much better at certain management aspects of my job than I.On the minus side,none has my crossover experience that allows me to be comfortable making decisions in either the business arena or in investments.That problem will be solved by having another person in the organization handle marketable securities.
2006年股东信:在去年的股东信里,我向各位股东提到,在伯克希尔,我们有3位优秀的CEO候选人,而且董事会清楚,万一我在今晚去世,具体将由谁来担任CEO。董事会认为,将来我的接班人应该长期任职,而这3位候选人都比我年轻得多。
然而,坦率地讲,至于将来谁接替我负责伯克希尔的证券投资,我们在这方面尚未完全准备好。这里是有历史原因的:曾经查理可以接替我来负责投资业务,近来路易·辛普森也可以胜任这个角色。路易是一位顶级投资人,在管理盖可保险的投资组合过程中,路易实现了长期的优秀业绩。但是,路易仅比我小6岁,假如我去世了,路易的年龄决定了他也只能在短时间内接替我。长期考虑,我们需要一个更好的解决方案。
在去年10月的董事会上,我们就这个问题进行了充分讨论,并最终提出一个计划,未来我将在查理与路易的帮助下,实施好该计划。
根据安排,我将招聘一位年轻投资人来管理一大笔资金,并在将来接替我担任伯克希尔的首席投资官,在这个过程中,我们可能会选择多位候选人。
选择合适的投资人,并不是一件容易的事。
长期看来,市场总会发生异常甚至诡异的事情。一笔大错就会抹杀长期积累的所有成功。因此,我们需要一位天赋异禀的投资人,他要能辨认及规避重大风险,甚至能识别出那种有生以来从未见过的重大风险。而某些特殊的危险,无法通过当今金融机构采用的那套传统风控模型去辨别。
投资人的秉性极其重要。同时,独立思考、情绪稳定、洞察人性与组织行为,是投资取得长期成功之关键。我见过很多聪明人,可是他们并不具备这些品质。
英文原文:I have told you that Berkshire has three outstanding candidates to replace me as CEO and that the Board knows exactly who should take over if I should die tonight.Each of the three is much younger than I.The directors believe it’s important that my successor have the prospect of a long tenure.
Frankly,we are not as well-prepared on the investment side of our business.There’s a history here:At one time,Charlie was my potential replacement for investing,and more recently Lou Simpson has filled that slot.Lou is a top-notch investor with an outstanding long-term record of managing GEICO’s equity portfolio.But he is only six years younger than I.If I were to die soon,he would fill in magnificently for a short period.For the long-term,though,we need a different answer.
At our October board meeting,we discussed that subject fully.And we emerged with a plan,which I will carry out with the help of Charlie and Lou.
Under this plan,I intend to hire a younger man or woman with the potential to manage a very large portfolio,who we hope will succeed me as Berkshire’s chief investment officer when the need for someone to do that arises.As part of the selection process,we may in fact take on several candidates.
Picking the right person(s)will not be an easy task.
Over time,markets will do extraordinary,even bizarre,things.A single,big mistake could wipe out a long string of successes.We therefore need someone genetically programmed to recognize and avoid serious risks,including those never before encountered.Certain perils that lurk in investment strategies cannot be spotted by use of the models commonly employed today by financial institutions.
Temperament is also important.Independent thinking,emotional stability,and a keen understanding of both human and institutional behavior is vital to long-term investment success.I’ve seen a lot of very smart people who have lacked these virtues.
2007年股东信:我之前告诉各位,关于将来谁接替我担任CEO,我们已经完全准备好了,我们有3位来自伯克希尔内部的优秀候选人。董事会清楚,如果我无法胜任,他们将选择谁。而且,无论谁接任CEO,我们还有2位后备人选。
在去年的股东信里我告诉各位,我们将尽快完成伯克希尔投资业务的接班安排,目前我们终于明确了将来接替我负责投资业务的4位候选人。这4位候选人目前都管理着大笔资金,而且均对加入伯克希尔表示出强烈兴趣。董事会清楚这4位候选人的强项,如果需要,将会招聘其中的一位或更多。这4位候选人的年龄跨度从青年至中年,且均已实现财务自由,他们都愿意为了超越薪资报酬的使命感而加入伯克希尔。
英文原文:As I have told you before,we have for some time been well-prepared for CEO succession because we have three outstanding internal candidates.The board knows exactly whom it would pick if I were to become unavailable,either because of death or diminishing abilities.And that would still leave the board with two backups.
Last year I told you that we would also promptly complete a succession plan for the investment job at Berkshire,and we have indeed now identified four candidates who could succeed me in managing investments.All manage substantial sums currently,and all have indicated a strong interest in coming to Berkshire if called.The board knows the strengths of the four and would expect to hire one or more if the need arises.The candidates are young to middle-aged,well-to-do to rich,and all wish to work for Berkshire for reasons that go beyond compensation.
整体看来,伯克希尔早在2005年至2007年就初步安排好了CEO的3位候选人、首席投资官的4位候选人,基本完成了经营控股生意及投资业务的接班安排。这几位候选人一直处于严格保密的状态,未来是不可预测的,因此这也是一个动态调整的过程。
随着时间推移,伯克希尔持续评估相关候选人,最终,分别于2010年10月、2011年9月通过官网宣布,托德·科姆斯、泰德·韦施勒将以投资经理的身份加入伯克希尔,负责一部分证券投资业务。
随后,伯克希尔进一步明确了对控股生意的交接安排:
2017年股东信:我把最重要的保留在最后。2018年初阿吉特及格雷格同时进入伯克希尔董事会,且均担任副董事长。阿吉特负责所有的保险业务,格雷格负责其他所有的非保险业务,查理与我将专注于投资及资本配置。
由阿吉特与格雷格负责相关业务,是伯克希尔的幸运。二人都已为伯克希尔工作数十年,他们的身体里流淌着伯克希尔的血液。一言以蔽之,二人的性格匹配其才华。
英文原文:I’ve saved the best for last.Early in 2018,Berkshire’s board elected Ajit Jain and Greg Abel as directors of Berkshire and also designated each as Vice Chairman.Ajit is now responsible for insurance operations,and Greg oversees the rest of our businesses.Charlie and I will focus on investments and capital allocation.
You and I are lucky to have Ajit and Greg working for us.Each has been with Berkshire for decades,and Berkshire’s blood flows through their veins.The character of each man matches his talents.And that says it all.
2018年股东信:我要跟各位股东分享一条真正的好消息,这条好消息是财务报表无法体现的。这涉及我们在2018年初做出的管理层调整,我们决定由阿吉特负责所有的保险业务,格雷格负责其他所有的非保险业务。我们早就该明确这项调整了。相比于过去由我一人独自监管各项业务,目前伯克希尔的各项管理更加高效。阿吉特与格雷格均具备罕见的才华,更加难能可贵的是,他们的身体里均流淌着伯克希尔的血液。
英文原文:Before moving on,I want to give you some good news–really good news–that is not reflected in our financial statements.It concerns the management changes we made in early 2018,when Ajit Jain was put in charge of all insurance activities and Greg Abel was given authority over all other operations.These moves were overdue.Berkshire is now far better managed than when I alone was supervising operations.Ajit and Greg have rare talents,and Berkshire blood flows through their veins.
自此,伯克希尔的管理层接班安排已比较清晰:将来,格雷格将接任CEO并负责所有的非保险业务,阿吉特负责所有的保险业务,投资经理托德·科姆斯、泰德·韦施勒将负责伯克希尔价值数千亿美元的证券投资组合。同时,沃伦的大儿子霍华德将担任非执行董事长,不参与公司具体经营,与苏珊一起,以大股东身份负责守护伯克希尔的公司文化。
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目前的伯克希尔
我们看一下伯克希尔目前大概的样子:
2019年股东信:查理跟我早就进入我们人生的“紧急时刻”了。这对我俩而言不是什么好事,但是,作为伯克希尔股东,各位完全不用担心:伯克希尔早就为我俩的离开做好准备了。
我俩的乐观基于以下5个因素:第一,伯克希尔的资产配置极其多元,遍布各类全资控股或部分持股企业,且这些企业整体而言能赚到可观的回报;第二,伯克希尔将“控股”的若干生意整合于单一的实体框架之内,并赋予这个结构多项重要且持久的经济优势;第三,伯克希尔的财务强大且保守,能够确保我们抵御各类极端的外部冲击;第四,我们拥有德才兼备的管理人团队,对他们而言,管理好各家子公司的成就感远远不止是拿到高薪或获得一份显赫的职位;第五,伯克希尔的董事们——即各位股东的守护神——将持续专注于提升股东价值,并全力培育在大型企业中罕见的公司文化。
英文原文:Charlie and I long ago entered the urgent zone.That’s not exactly great news for us.But Berkshire shareholders need not worry:Your company is 100%prepared for our departure.
The two of us base our optimism upon five factors.First,Berkshire’s assets are deployed in an extraordinary variety of wholly or partly-owned businesses that,averaged out,earn attractive returns on the capital they use.Second,Berkshire’s positioning of its“controlled”businesses within a single entity endows it with some important and enduring economic advantages.Third,Berkshire’s financial affairs will unfailingly be managed in a manner allowing the company to withstand external shocks of an extreme nature.Fourth,we possess skilled and devoted top managers for whom running Berkshire is far more than simply having a high-paying and/or prestigious job.Finally,Berkshire’s directors–your guardians–are constantly focused on both the welfare of owners and the nurturing of a culture that is rare among giant corporations.
在这里,沃伦提出:即便查理与沃伦离开伯克希尔,伯克希尔的价值也将继续提升的5种因素,分别是:伯克希尔现有的资产配置多元且回报水平高,伯克希尔的业务架构具备重要且持续的竞争优势,伯克希尔的财务实力强大且保守,伯克希尔的经理人团队德才兼备,以及伯克希尔独特的公司文化。
回到沃伦即将于2026年初离任CEO这个话题:假如沃伦离开伯克希尔一线经营,伯克希尔能否继续繁荣?其实,查理早在10年前就给出了他心中的答案:
2014年股东信:查理:如果沃伦离开伯克希尔,伯克希尔是否能继续产出优秀业绩?
答案很显然:伯克希尔将会继续繁荣发展。有如下3个主要原因:一是伯克希尔的多数子公司因具有持续的竞争优势而具备强劲的发展势头,二是伯克希尔旗下的铁路及公用事业子公司为固定资产投资提供了绝佳机会,三是伯克希尔的多家子公司本身也持续进行明智的“补强式”收购。
只要伯克希尔的核心体系保持稳定,哪怕出现如下3种负面情况,即沃伦明天就离任、沃伦的继任者能力平庸、伯克希尔不再做大型收购,伯克希尔现有的发展势头及机会将足以确保其在未来长时期内超过普通的美国公司。
但是,在这种“沃伦马上就离任”的假设下,其继任者不可能是平庸之辈。比如,阿吉特与格雷格早就通过实践证明了自身的商业才华,即便用“世界级”来形容二者仍显不足,我认为二人都是“世界顶尖”水平,在某些重要方面,二人甚至超越沃伦。
而且,我还相信两点:一是无论外界提供多么丰厚的薪酬,阿吉特与格雷格都不会离开伯克希尔,二是阿吉特与格雷格都不会大幅调整伯克希尔现有的体系。
我同样认为,即便沃伦离开,伯克希尔还是会做出重要的大型收购。如今伯克希尔日益庞大,在股东积极主义盛行的背景下,总会出现一些有吸引力的收购机会,到时候,伯克希尔账上趴着的600亿美元现金,将建设性地减少。
英文原文:The next to last task on my list was:Predict whether abnormally good results would continue at Berkshire if Buffett were soon to depart.
The answer is yes.Berkshire has in place in its subsidiaries much business momentum grounded in much durable competitive advantage.Moreover,its railroad and utility subsidiaries now provide much desirable opportunity to invest large sums in new fixed assets.And many subsidiaries are now engaged in making wise“bolt-on”acquisitions.
Provided that most of the Berkshire system remains in place,the combined momentum and opportunity now present is so great that Berkshire would almost surely remain a better-than-normal company for a very long time even if(1)Buffett left tomorrow,(2)his successors were persons of only moderate ability,and(3)Berkshire never again purchased a large business.
But,under this Buffett-soon-leaves assumption,his successors would not be“of only moderate ability.”For instance,Ajit Jain and Greg Abel are proven performers who would probably be under-described as“world-class.”“World-leading”would be the description I would choose.In some important ways,each is a better business executive than Buffett.
And I believe neither Jain nor Abel would(1)leave Berkshire,no matter what someone else offered or(2)desire much change in the Berkshire system.
Nor do I think that desirable purchases of new businesses would end with Buffett’s departure.With Berkshire now so large and the age of activism upon us,I think some desirable acquisition opportunities will come and that Berkshire’s$60 billion in cash will constructively decrease.
总的来说,查理认为:在伯克希尔独特公司文化的守护下,只要伯克希尔的核心体系保持稳定,即便继任者是平庸之辈,伯克希尔也会继续繁荣发展,何况,继任者格雷格与阿吉特、托德与泰德早就证明了其商业才能。
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“跳着踢踏舞下班”
今年恰逢沃伦及其合伙人控股伯克希尔60周年,在参加今年伯克希尔股东会期间,我在黑石大厦偶然遇见了在助手黛比陪伴下“跳着踢踏舞来上班”的沃伦。
“始于好奇,终于禀性”最初,我们或许是因为对财富的好奇而开始接触查理与沃伦,但是,最终打动我们的,是二人的幽默、理性、简单、质朴等品格、禀性。
最后,我们不妨用如下的“一问一答”来结尾。
问:谁是标准石油公司的第3任CEO?
答:我不知道,亦无需知晓。
参考答案:标准石油公司及其分拆出的核心子公司埃克森美孚,自19世纪末至今连续120余年一直处于全球最有价值公司的行列,直至今天埃克森美孚仍价值数千亿美元。公司创始人约翰。洛克菲勒打造了一种独特的公司文化:无论CEO是谁,公司都能坚决抵御华尔街等外界的短期压力,在油价高位时克制投资、在低油价时布局未来,专注于创造长期价值,从而使公司具备穿越无数周期与低谷的强大生命力。
这种保守文化是如何捍卫公司的长期价值呢?仅举一例:为奖励时任CEO蒂勒森超过40年的服务,埃克森美孚为其制定了一项总价值约1.8亿美元的巨额薪酬安排,同时,为了将高管个人利益与公司长期价值绑定,该薪酬包从退休之后的第10年才开始逐年兑现。
通过上述对伯克希尔董事会及公司治理的介绍,以及对沃伦及伯克希尔来时路的简要分析,我们相信:查理与沃伦已经为伯克希尔注入了一种独特的、无法复制的公司文化,在这种公司文化的守护下,伯克希尔或将如标准石油公司那样,在跨越百年的历史中持续创造价值。
每天高兴地“跳着踢踏舞去上班”的沃伦,与查理一道,一点一滴地打造了独属于伯克希尔的公司文化。在这种公司文化的守护下,即便来到需要拄拐杖的年龄,沃伦同样也可以放心地“跳着踢踏舞下班”。
